黑素瘤

定义

黑色素瘤是一种皮肤癌. 它最常见于皮肤. However, it can also form in the eyes, digestive system, nails, or lymph nodes.

黑素瘤 is more likely to spread to other parts of the body and be fatal. 早期治疗很重要.

黑素瘤

Copyright © Nucleus Medical 媒体, Inc.

原因

Cancer happens when cells divide without control or order. These cells grow together to form a tumor. They can invade and damage nearby tissues. They can also spread to other parts of the body.

It is not clear what 原因 changes in the cells. It is likely due to genes and environment.

风险因素

黑素瘤 is more common in men and those aged 40 to 60 years old. However, younger people can also get it.

Things that raise the risk of melanoma are:

• Moles called dysplastic nevi, or atypical moles
• 有很多痣
• 有:
  • Light skin and a tendency to have freckles
  • 红色或金色头发
  • 蓝色或绿色的眼睛
• 有黑色素瘤家族史
• Excessive skin exposure to the sun—without protective clothing or sunscreen
• 使用太阳灯和晒黑亭
• A history of childhood 癌症, skin 癌症, or skin pre-癌症
• 免疫系统薄弱

症状

黑色素瘤通常不疼痛.

症状 may be a change in the size, shape, color, or feel of an existing mole. 黑素瘤 may also appear as a new, dark, discolored, or abnormal mole.

Signs that a mole may be melanoma are (ABCDE rule):

• symmetry or uneven shape—one half does not match the shape of the other half
• 有序或边缘不均匀
• olor varies or is uneven—with shades of black, brown, white, gray, pink, red, or blue
• iameter or size—often larger than a pencil eraser (6 millimeters or ¼ inch)
• volution or change—often grows larger; changes shape, color, or texture, or may itch

Some melanomas do not fit the ABCDE rule.

潜在黑色素瘤的迹象

Copyright © 2002 Nucleus Communications, Inc. 版权所有.

诊断。

The doctor will ask about 症状 and past health. 一个物理 检查就完成了. The doctor will look at the skin and moles. A 组织样本 of the area will be taken and tested for 癌症.

The doctor may also check lymph nodes. Swollen lymph nodes could mean melanoma has spread. A sample of lymph node tissue may also be removed for testing.

If melanoma is found, more tests will find the stage of 癌症. 黑色素瘤分为I到IV期. Staging shows if the 癌症 has spread.

治疗

治疗 will depend on the location and stage of the melanoma. One or more 治疗 may be used, such as:

• Surgery to remove the melanoma and some tissue around it
• 前哨淋巴结活检肿瘤附近可能有淋巴结 removed for testing or to stop the spread of 癌症
• 化疗-杀死癌细胞的药物; 如果癌症已经扩散
• 其他药物如:
  • Immunotherapy—to help the immune system fight 癌症
  • Medicines to target cells with the BRAF gene—a gene that makes melanoma grow fast
• Radiation therapy—to kill 癌症 cells and shrink tumors

预防

为了降低患黑色素瘤的风险:

• Do not spend too much time in the sun
• 保护皮肤免受阳光照射:
  • Wear a long-sleeved shirt and long pants, a wide-brim hat, and sunglasses
  • Use sunscreens with an SPF of at least 30
  • Avoid exposure during the peak hours of the day
• Do not use sun lamps and tanning booths

参考文献。

• Kibbi N, Kluger H等. 黑色素瘤的临床表现. 癌症治疗方案. 2016;167:107-29.
• 黑素瘤 治疗—professional version. 国家癌症 学院网站. 可以在: http://www.癌症.gov/types/skin/hp/melanoma-治疗-pdq#section/%5F1.
• 黑素瘤. EBSCO DynaMed网站. 可以在: http://www.力学.com/condition/melanoma.
• 黑色素瘤皮肤癌. 美国癌症协会网站. 可从http://www上读取。.癌症.org/癌症/types/melanoma-skin-癌症.html.